![]() The reign eventuated in the bitter struggle for supremacy between the king and Parliament that finally resulted in the English civil war. ![]() Nor would Parliament willingly grant money to help Charles's sister, Elizabeth of Bohemia, and the Protestants in the Thirty Years War. Charles's favorite, Buckingham, was unpopular, and the foreign ventures under Buckingham's guidance were unfortunate, particularly the unsuccessful expedition to Cádiz (1625) and the two disastrous attempts to relieve French Protestants in La Rochelle (16). Reign Early Struggle with ParliamentĪ shy and dignified figure, he was popular at the time of his coronation, but he immediately offended his Protestant subjects by his marriage to the Catholic Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII of France. Apart from these negotiations, he took little part in politics before he succeeded (Feb., 1625) his father as king. The negotiations for his marriage to the Spanish infanta were unpopular in England, and Charles himself turned against Spain after his unhappy visit to Madrid (1623) in the company of George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham. He became heir to the throne on the death of his older brother Henry in 1612 and was made prince of Wales in 1616. Shepherd (1968).Ĭharles I, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland His son, Archduke Otto, inherited his claim to the throne. Charles was exiled to Madeira and there died of pneumonia. After the triumph of the monarchists in Hungary in 1920, he attempted unsuccessfully to regain the Hungarian throne in Mar., 1921, and again in October, when the regent, Horthy, had him arrested. 13 early in 1919 he and his family went into exile in Switzerland. Charles abdicated as emperor of Austria on Nov. 3, Charles had to consent to unconditional surrender in the armistice concluded with General Armando Diaz. Hungary and Czechoslovakia declared their independence, and on Nov. Charles vainly tried to save the Austro-Hungarian monarchy by proclaiming (Oct. The Allies published (Apr., 1918) the correspondence, thus causing friction between Austria and Germany and diminishing Charles's popularity. His correspondence with his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, justified French claims to Alsace-Lorraine. After his accession he put out peace feelers. He showed skill as a commander in World War I. The death (1914) of his uncle, Francis Ferdinand, made Charles heir to the throne. Charles I, 1887–1922, last emperor of Austria and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary (1916–18) son of Archduke Otto and grandnephew and successor of Emperor Francis Joseph.
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